1. Ultrasonic Testing for Internal Flaws
- High‑frequency sound waves transmitted through metal to detect hidden defects.
- Reveals incomplete fusion, internal cracks, and slag inclusions in welds.
- Highly effective for evaluating structural strength and long‑term stress resistance.
2. Radiographic Testing for Visual Documentation
- Uses X‑rays or gamma rays to create a permanent visual record of weld seams.
- Sensitive to volumetric defects like porosity and incomplete penetration.
- Provides clear, traceable evidence for compliance with manufacturing standards.
3. Magnetic Particle Testing for Surface Defects
- Applied to ferromagnetic materials to identify surface and near‑surface anomalies.
- Reveals fatigue cracks and stress‑induced fractures using magnetized particles.
- Cost‑effective and highly sensitive for ensuring external weld integrity.
4. Penetrant Testing for Non‑Magnetic Welds
- Used for non‑magnetic components or specific alloy welds to find surface‑breaking flaws.
- Specialized liquid drawn into defects via capillary action; developer makes flaws visible.
- Versatile method for detecting even the smallest surface cracks, ensuring leak‑proof integrity.